Power System Homework Help



 

The power system is a network that is used for the flow of electric power from generating station to different load areas. The power System network consists of three different parts i.e. power generation, power transmission, and power distribution. It may be a simple network or a complex network that contains a large number of transmission lines, generating stations, substations, etc. A practical smaller power system found in industries hospitals building etc. they have their own diesel generator which supply electric power to different loads in their premises.



Before understanding the power system let me first tell you about what actually is a system. A system is actually several quantities of elements or even components that are linked inside a particular sequence to do a particular function.

So Power system is basically the interconnection of several components right from the generating station to different loads.

The main components are:-

  • Generators
  • Transformers
  • Transmission lines
  • Loads.





 

Optimization in power system:

Firstly we need to know what is optimization. Whenever there are many solutions for a problem then in that case whichever solution is best depending upon the constraints or our requirement is said to ve an Optimized Solution.

Now comes the power system, where there are lots of places where optimization can be used a lot nowadays. Distributed Generation (DG) is utilized within the distribution system. Within our distribution system, you will find a lot of items to enhance such as reducing the losses, enhancing voltage, enhancing the stability limits, and so on.  



So if we put DG on certain buses different results will be obtained. So here comes the role of optimization. We should place the DG at that particular bus where our losses are less and voltage is improved more so out of several sets of solutions obtained whichever will give a maximum improvement in voltage and minimum losses are said to be Optimized.




 

How does a power system work?

The entire arrangement from where the electrical power is being generated to the place where it is being utilized is called power system. It consists of a few stages named Generation, Transmission, Distribution, and Utilization.

Generation : The AC electric power is generated by the rotation of turbine in case of thermal, nuclear, hydro, gas or wind power plant. through the mechanism and arrangement AC electric power is generated at the voltage levels of 11 kV, 13.2 kV, 25 kV, etc.

Transmission : To transmit electrical power at long-distance HVDC is preferred and for short and medium distances HVAC is preferred. The voltage is brought to a higher level by means of the power transformer. High Voltage levels are kept to reduce the transmission losses. HVAC transmission offers less initial cost and higher transmission losses, whereas HVDC transmission offers less transmission losses, higher stability, and higher initial cost.

Distribution : Where voltage profile is maintained constant and Primary consumers like commercial and industrial loads are fed from 11 kV, 6.6 kV, 440 V, etc., and secondary consumers like domestic loads are fed from 230 V.

Utilization : Finally, the electric power, which was generated at the remote station was brought to the load through all these stages, where this electric power will be converted mostly into mechanical motion, heating, illumination, etc.



 

Power system components:

Power system components are :

  1. Power plant: Generates electricity
  2. Transformers: steps up or down the voltage level for transmission and distribution.
  3. Transmission lines: carry the power from one place to another.
  4. Substations: where the voltage is stepped up or down to meet the requirement.
  5. Distribution lines: used for distribution of power where it's needed.
  6. Distribution transformer: used to step down the voltage to the level suitable for household use.



 

Power system realibility:

Power system reliability is defined by making sure that the power system satisfies the demand or the load requirements with an economical and reasonable level of continuity and quality. by this definition, it means that suppliers undertaking certain just about all its consumers to supply dependable as well as high quality associated with support when it comes to the actual specific selection of voltage and frequency and reliability divided into:
-Security: how can the system deal with the occurrence of failure or outage (out of services) of the units (reserve is required)

- Adequacy: is the system sufficient to cover the demand or the load



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